Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening medical emergency that happens when your body has an extreme response to an infection. 

It can start with something common, like a urinary tract infection, pneumonia or even a small cut. But when the immune system overreacts, it can trigger widespread inflammation, damage organs and quickly become life-threatening. 

Sepsis can get worse fast. Recognizing the early signs and getting care right away can save your life. 

What are the early signs of sepsis? 

Sepsis symptoms can be hard to recognize at first. They often start like a typical infection but get worse quickly. 

Common early signs of sepsis include: 

• Fever or feeling very cold (low body temperature) 
• Rapid heart rate 
• Rapid or shallow breathing 
• Extreme fatigue or weakness 
• Confusion or trouble thinking clearly 
• Chills, shaking or shivering 
• Dizziness or feeling faint 
• Cold, clammy or sweaty skin 

You may also have symptoms of an infection, such as: 

• Cough or trouble breathing (pneumonia) 
• Painful urination (UTI) 
• Redness, swelling or drainage from a wound 

If you notice these symptoms, especially with a known infection, seek medical care immediately. 

When should you go to the ER for sepsis? 

Sepsis is a medical emergency. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you or someone else has: 

• Difficulty breathing 
• Confusion or trouble staying awake 
• A significant drop in blood pressure (feeling faint or collapsing) 
• Severe pain or discomfort 
• Pale, mottled or bluish skin 

The sooner treatment starts, the better the chances of survival and recovery. 

What causes sepsis? 

Sepsis happens when the body’s immune system overreacts to an infection. Instead of fighting the infection in a controlled way, it triggers widespread inflammation throughout the body. 

Common sources of infection that can lead to sepsis include: 

• Lungs (pneumonia) 
• Urinary tract (bladder or kidneys) 
• Bloodstream infections 
• Digestive system infections 
• Skin wounds or surgical sites 
• Burns 
• Catheter or IV sites 

Bacteria are the most common cause, but viruses and fungi can also lead to sepsis. 

How does sepsis affect the body? 

When sepsis develops, it sets off a chain reaction in the body: 

• Blood vessels widen, causing a drop in blood pressure 
• Blood flow to organs decreases 
• Blood clotting may increase 
• Oxygen and nutrients can’t reach vital organs 

This can lead to organ damage or failure, especially in the: 

• Heart 
• Kidneys 
• Liver 
• Lungs 

Without treatment, sepsis can become life-threatening very quickly. 

What is septic shock? 

Septic shock is the most severe stage of sepsis. 

It happens when blood pressure drops dangerously low and organs don’t get enough oxygen and nutrients to function. 

Symptoms of septic shock may include: 

• Severe confusion 
• Inability to stay awake 
• Very low blood pressure 
• Organ failure 

About 30% to 40% of people with septic shock do not survive, which is why fast treatment is critical. 

Who is at higher risk for sepsis? 

Anyone can develop sepsis, but some people are at higher risk: 

• Adults age 65 and older 
• Babies and young children 
• People with weakened immune systems (cancer, HIV, organ transplant, steroid use) 
• Chronic conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease or COPD 
• Recent surgery or infections 
• Long hospital stays or ICU care 
• Use of IV lines, catheters or breathing tubes 
• Recent antibiotic use 

How is sepsis diagnosed? 

Doctors diagnose sepsis by looking at symptoms, vital signs and test results. 

Tests may include: 

• Blood tests and blood cultures to identify infection and organ function 
• Urine or fluid samples to find the source of infection 
• Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans or ultrasounds 

Early diagnosis improves survival and reduces the risk of complications. 

How is sepsis treated? 

Sepsis treatment starts right away, often in the hospital. 

Treatment may include: 

• IV antibiotics to treat infection 
• IV fluids to stabilize blood pressure 
• Medications to support heart and organ function 
• Oxygen therapy or a ventilator 
• Dialysis if kidneys are affected 
• Surgery to remove infected tissue 

Severe cases may require care in an intensive care unit (ICU). 

With early treatment, many people recover from sepsis.  

Read: You've Survived a Dangerous Sepsis Infection. Here's What to Expect Next 

Where to get care for sepsis 

At Banner Health, you have access to emergency teams trained to recognize and treat sepsis quickly. 

If you or a loved one has symptoms of sepsis, don’t wait. Get emergency care right away. 

Frequently asked questions about sepsis

Can sepsis go away on its own? 

No. Sepsis requires immediate medical treatment. Without care, it can quickly become life-threatening. 

How fast does sepsis develop? 

Sepsis can develop within hours or over a few days, depending on the infection and your health. 

Is sepsis contagious? 

Sepsis itself is not contagious, but the infection that causes it may be. 

What are the long-term effects of sepsis? 

Some people experience long-term effects, including fatigue, memory problems or organ damage. This is sometimes called post-sepsis syndrome. 

Bottom line 

Sepsis is a medical emergency that can start with a common infection but quickly become life-threatening. Knowing the early signs - like confusion, rapid breathing and extreme weakness - can help you act fast and get life-saving care.