Myopathy (Muscle Disorders)

We use our muscles every day. They help us walk, run, lift things and breathe. Our muscles are working all the time, whether we notice or not. But what happens if our muscles stop working the way they should?

When muscles don't work properly, you might feel weak, get cramps or notice pain. These can be signs of myopathy, which is a disease that affects your skeletal muscles (the muscles connected to your bones).

What is myopathy?

Myopathy means a disease that affects the muscles. Unlike nerve or joint disorders, the problem starts in the muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are long thin cells that work with other fibers to contract and move the body. When they don’t work right, you might feel muscle weakness, pain or cramps.

Not all myopathies are the same. They can be inherited (passed down in families) or acquired (developed over time). Causes include muscle inflammation, metabolic issues or infections. Some myopathies develop slowly, while others come on suddenly.

Symptoms of myopathy

Symptoms of myopathy can vary by the type and severity of the condition. 

Common signs include:

• Weakness in your arms, legs or other muscles
• Difficulty completing even light tasks or activities
• Muscle cramps or pain
• Trouble lifting objects or climbing stairs
• Trouble swallowing or breathing in severe cases

These symptoms can develop slowly or suddenly. Some people notice mild weakness that gets worse over time, while others may experience more rapid changes. 

Types of myopathies

Understanding the type of myopathy is important for proper care. Types include:

Inherited myopathies 

These are genetic conditions passed down through families. Inherited myopathies are caused by mutations in genes you inherit from one or both parents. Many of these are quite rare.

• Congenital myopathies: A child is born with symptoms. These inherited conditions may also include developmental delays in learning motor skills, such as crawling or walking. 
• Mitochondrial myopathies: These are caused by problems in the mitochondria, the power houses of our cells. Every cell in the body uses mitochondria, so other organs, such as the heart, brain and liver can be affected by these conditions.
• Metabolic myopathies: These are inherited conditions in which the muscle does not use food energy properly, especially during exercise. Examples are Pompe disease and McArdle disease.
• Muscular dystrophy: Genetic abnormalities in the structure of the muscle fiber itself.  This is a very broad category and can encompass severe childhood onset disorders (Duchenne muscular dystrophy), or other very subtle problems that only occur later in life (some limb girdle muscular dystrophies).

Acquired myopathies

If one develops a disease due to a trigger, this myopathy is ‘acquired.’ These myopathies can be triggered by illness, medications or autoimmune diseases.

• Autoimmune myopathies: These are caused by inflammation in the muscle when the immune system attacks healthy tissue. 
• Toxic myopathies: These are related to certain medications, alcohol or other substances that damage muscle. 
• Endocrine myopathies: Muscle problems caused by hormone issues, such as adrenal or thyroid diseases.
• Infectious myopathies: These are caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic or other infections affecting the muscles. These include Lyme disease, HIV, influenza and toxoplasmosis.
• Electrolyte-related myopathies: These muscle problems happen from imbalances in minerals, like potassium or magnesium.
• Critical illness myopathy: This can happen after a serious illness or long hospital stay, often in intensive care. 

Risk factors for myopathy

You may be more likely to develop myopathy if you:

• Have a family history of muscle disorders
• Have an autoimmune, metabolic or endocrine disorder
• Were exposed to certain medications or toxins

How myopathy is diagnosed

Your health care provider will ask about your medical and family history, prescription history and your symptoms. They will also do a physical exam and may order the following tests:

• Blood tests: Certain enzymes, like creatine kinase (CK), can indicate muscle damage
• Electromyography (EMG): Measures electrical function of muscles.
• Muscle biopsy: A small piece of muscle is removed to examine the muscle fibers for abnormalities 
• Genetic tests: Identify inherited or congenital myopathies
• Imaging tests: MRI or ultrasound may show structural changes in muscles

Treatment options for myopathy

Treatment depends on the type and severity of your myopathy. It may include:

• Medications to help with inflammation or to support muscle health
• Physical therapy and occupational therapy to maintain strength and movement
• Lifestyle changes, like eating a balanced diet and regular low-impact exercises
• Orthotics and assistive devices can help weak muscles, improve walking and lower the risk of falls
• Genetic counseling to learn about inherited muscle diseases

Living with myopathy

Living with myopathy can be difficult but you are not alone. Many people manage their symptoms and maintain an active lifestyle. Here are some tips for living well:

• Stay active with guided exercises.
• Follow a nutritious, muscle-supportive diet.
• Get regular checkups to monitor symptoms and adjust treatment.
• Seek support from health care providers and support groups.

Complications of myopathy

Myopathy can affect more than just your muscles. Over time, it can cause other health problems, especially if the condition progresses or is not treated early. 

Possible complications include:

• Loss of movement
• Falls and injuries
• Trouble swallowing, breathing or talking
• Heart problems (arrhythmias or cardiomyopathy)
• Emotional and mental stress

The good news is that early diagnosis, regular checkups and supportive care can help reduce the chance of serious complications.

How Banner Health can help

At Banner Health, we care for people with all kinds of myopathies. Our team includes neurologists, physical therapists, occupational therapists and genetic counselors who work together to create a plan that's just right for you.

When you visit Banner Health, you receive care that’s compassionate, experienced and focused on helping you live your best life. Make an appointment today.