Eczema

Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. It can affect people of all ages and often comes and goes in cycles. 

While eczema isn’t contagious, it can be uncomfortable and sometimes affect sleep, confidence and daily life. 

The good news: With the right care and treatment plan, you can manage symptoms and reduce flare-ups. 

What is eczema? 

Eczema is a chronic (long-term) skin condition that weakens your skin’s natural barrier. 

This makes it harder for your skin to: 

• Hold moisture 
• Protect against irritants and allergens 

As a result, your skin becomes dry, sensitive and prone to inflammation. 

More than 30 million Americans live with eczema. It often starts in childhood but can continue into adulthood. 

What does eczema look and feel like? 

Eczema symptoms can vary depending on your age, skin tone and severity. 

Common eczema symptoms include: 

• Dry, sensitive skin 
• Red, gray, purple or brown patches 
• Itching (sometimes severe) 
• Rough, scaly or thickened skin 
• Cracked or bleeding skin 
• Oozing or crusting during flare-ups 

Eczema often appears on: 

• Hands 
• Elbows 
• Knees 
• Face or neck 

In babies, it commonly shows on the cheeks or scalp. In older children and adults, it often appears in skin folds. 

What causes eczema? 

Eczema develops when your skin barrier doesn’t work properly, combined with immune system and environmental factors. 

Common causes and risk factors include: 

• Genetics: Family history of eczema, asthma or allergies 
• Immune system response: Overreaction that causes inflammation 
• Environmental factors: Weather, irritants and allergens 

What triggers eczema flare-ups? 

Eczema symptoms can worsen when exposed to certain triggers. 

Common eczema triggers include: 

• Soaps, detergents or fragrances 
• Stress or anxiety 
• Sweating or overheating 
• Cold, dry weather 
• Dust mites, pollen or pet dander 
• Certain foods (such as dairy or eggs) 
• Fabrics like wool or synthetic materials 
• Skin infections or irritation 

Identifying your personal triggers can help prevent flare-ups. 

Types of eczema 

Eczema includes several related skin conditions: 

• Atopic dermatitis: Most common type, often linked to allergies 
• Contact dermatitis: Caused by irritants or allergens 
• Dyshidrotic eczema: Small, itchy blisters on hands or feet 
• Nummular eczema: Round, coin-shaped patches 
• Seborrheic dermatitis: Affects oily areas like scalp (dandruff or cradle cap) 
• Stasis dermatitis: Related to poor circulation in the lower legs 

Conditions that look like eczema 

Some skin conditions may look similar but require different treatment, including: 

• Psoriasis 
• Ringworm 
• Scabies 

If you’re unsure, a provider can help confirm the diagnosis. 

How is eczema diagnosed? 

There is no single test for eczema. 

Your provider may: 

• Examine your skin 
• Review your symptoms and medical history 
• Ask about family history 
• Use allergy or patch testing if needed 

Eczema treatment: How to find relief 

There is no cure for eczema, but treatment can reduce symptoms and prevent flare-ups. 

Daily skin care 

• Moisturize at least twice a day 
• Use fragrance-free, gentle products 
• Take short, lukewarm showers 
• Use a humidifier in dry environments 

Topical treatments 

• Corticosteroids 
• Calcineurin inhibitors 
• Barrier repair creams 
• JAK inhibitors or PDE-4 inhibitors 

Oral and advanced treatments 

• Antihistamines for itching 
• Oral medications for inflammation 
• Biologic therapy (such as dupilumab) 
• Light therapy (phototherapy) 

Your provider will tailor treatment based on your symptoms and severity. 

How to prevent eczema flare-ups 

Managing eczema often comes down to daily habits. 

Tips to prevent flare-ups: 

• Avoid known triggers 
• Keep skin hydrated 
• Wear soft, breathable fabrics 
• Manage stress 
• Avoid scratching (use cold compresses instead) 
• Keep nails trimmed 

Eczema and your overall health 

Eczema is often linked to other conditions, including: 

• Asthma 
• Allergies 
• Hay fever 

This is sometimes called the “atopic triad.” 

Emotional impact of eczema 

Eczema can affect more than your skin. It may impact sleep, confidence and mental health. 

Support from your care team, family or a support group can help you manage both physical and emotional symptoms. 

When to see a health care provider 

Talk to your provider if: 

• Symptoms don’t improve with over-the-counter treatments 
• Your skin is cracked, bleeding or painful 
• You have signs of infection 
• Itching is affecting your sleep or daily life 

Care you can trust 

At Banner Health, our dermatology and allergy specialists work together to help you manage eczema and find relief. 

We offer personalized treatment plans, advanced therapies and support for long-term skin health. 

Schedule an appointment to get expert care and take control of your eczema. 

Frequently asked questions about eczema 

Is eczema contagious? 

No. Eczema cannot spread from person to person. 

Can eczema go away? 

Some people outgrow eczema, while others manage it long term. 

What is the main cause of eczema? 

It’s usually a mix of genetics, immune system activity and environmental triggers. 

What helps eczema the most? 

Daily moisturizing, avoiding triggers and following a treatment plan. 

Bottom line 

Eczema is a common, long-term skin condition that can cause discomfort and flare-ups. With the right treatment and daily care, most people can control symptoms and improve their quality of life.