Meningitis

Meningitis is a serious infection that causes inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord. 

Symptoms can start quickly and become life-threatening within hours - especially with bacterial meningitis. 

Recognizing the early signs and getting immediate care can save your life. 

What are the early symptoms of meningitis? 

Meningitis symptoms may begin after a cold, flu or stomach illness. 

Common early signs include: 

• Fever 
• Severe, persistent headache 
• Stiff neck 
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia) 
• Nausea or vomiting 
• Fatigue or drowsiness 
• Confusion or trouble concentrating 

More serious symptoms may include: 

• Difficulty waking up 
• Seizures 
• Rash (especially with bacterial meningitis) 
• Cold hands and feet, limb pain or pale skin 

Meningitis symptoms in babies and older adults 

Symptoms may be different in certain groups. 

In babies: 

• Poor feeding 
• Irritability or constant crying 
• Sluggishness or inactivity 
• Bulging soft spot (fontanelle) 
• Stiff body or neck 

In older adults: 

• Confusion 
• Drowsiness 
• Subtle or less obvious symptoms 

When is meningitis an emergency? 

Meningitis is a medical emergency. 

Seek immediate care if you notice: 

• Severe headache with fever 
• Stiff neck 
• Confusion or trouble staying awake 
• Sensitivity to light 
• Seizures 
• Rash with fever 

Do not wait - early treatment is critical. 

What is meningitis? 

Meningitis occurs when the meninges - the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord - become inflamed. 

It can be caused by infections or other conditions and can affect people of any age. 

Types of meningitis 

Viral meningitis 

• Most common type 
• Usually less severe 
• Often caused by common viruses 

Bacterial meningitis 

• Most serious type 
• Can become life-threatening quickly 
• About 1 in 10 people may die without prompt treatment 

Fungal meningitis 

• Rare 
• Typically affects people with weakened immune systems 

Other causes 

• Parasites or amoebas 
• Tuberculosis 
• Autoimmune diseases 
• Certain medications or cancers 

Is meningitis contagious? 

Some types of meningitis are contagious. 

• Viral and bacterial meningitis can spread through close contact 
• Fungal meningitis does not spread person to person 

Good hygiene and vaccination can reduce risk. 

What causes meningitis? 

Meningitis happens when bacteria, viruses or fungi enter the bloodstream and reach the brain and spinal cord. 

Risk increases with: 

• Close contact with infected individuals 
• Weakened immune system 
• Certain infections (like pneumonia or ear infections) 

Who is at higher risk for meningitis? 

You may be at higher risk if you: 

• Are an infant or young child 
• Live in close quarters (college dorms, military barracks) 
• Have a weakened immune system 
• Have not been vaccinated 
• Have certain medical conditions (like sickle cell disease) 
• Travel to high-risk areas 

How is meningitis diagnosed? 

Because treatment depends on the cause, diagnosis must happen quickly. 

Tests may include: 

• Physical and neurological exam 
• Blood tests 
• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) 
• CT scan or MRI 
• Nasal or throat swab 

How is meningitis treated? 

Treatment depends on the type of meningitis. 

Common treatments include: 

• IV antibiotics (bacterial meningitis) 
• Antiviral or antifungal medications 
• Steroids to reduce inflammation 
• IV fluids and oxygen support 

Hospital care is often required. 

What are the complications of meningitis? 

Without prompt treatment, meningitis can lead to: 

• Brain damage 
• Hearing or vision loss 
• Seizures or epilepsy 
• Learning or memory problems 
• Sepsis 
• Death 

How can you prevent meningitis? 

Prevention includes vaccination and healthy habits. 

Recommended vaccines may include: 

• Hib 
• Pneumococcal 
• Meningococcal (MenACWY, MenB) 

Other prevention tips: 

• Wash hands regularly 
• Avoid sharing drinks or utensils 
• Stay up to date on vaccines 
• Avoid close contact with sick individuals 

Recovery after meningitis 

Recovery time varies depending on severity. 

Some people recover within weeks, while others may need longer-term support for lingering symptoms like fatigue or cognitive changes. 

Care you can trust 

At Banner Health, our emergency and infectious disease teams provide rapid diagnosis and treatment for meningitis. 

If you or a loved one has symptoms, go to the nearest emergency department right away. Early treatment can prevent serious complications. 

Frequently asked questions about meningitis 

How fast does meningitis develop? 

Bacterial meningitis can worsen within hours, while viral meningitis may develop more gradually. 

Can meningitis be cured? 

Many cases can be treated successfully, especially with early care. 

Is meningitis always serious? 

Viral meningitis is often mild, but bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. 

Can adults get meningitis? 

Yes. Meningitis can affect people of all ages. 

Bottom line 

Meningitis is a serious condition that can progress quickly. Recognizing early symptoms - such as fever, stiff neck and confusion - and seeking immediate care can save lives and reduce complications.