Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe. Over time, COPD limits airflow and damages lung tissue. 

While smoking is the leading cause, air pollution, workplace exposures and certain genetic conditions can also contribute. 

COPD is a long-term condition, but early diagnosis and treatment can help slow its progression and improve quality of life. 

What is COPD? 

COPD is an umbrella term used to describe two main lung conditions: 

• Chronic bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the airways that causes persistent cough and mucus production 
• Emphysema – damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, reducing oxygen exchange 

Many people with COPD have features of both conditions. 

Unlike acute bronchitis, which is usually short term and caused by infection, COPD is a chronic disease that gradually worsens over time. 

What causes COPD? 

The most common cause of COPD is long-term exposure to lung irritants. 

Smoking 

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. The risk increases with the number of years and amount smoked. Secondhand smoke can also contribute. 

Environmental and occupational exposure 

Exposure to: 

• Air pollution 
• Chemical fumes 
• Dust 

Workplace irritants can increase the risk, especially when combined with smoking. 

Genetic factors 

A rare inherited condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can cause COPD, even in people who have never smoked. 

What are the symptoms of COPD? 

COPD symptoms often develop slowly and may be mistaken for normal aging at first. 

Common symptoms include: 

• Shortness of breath, especially during activity 
• Chronic cough 
• Excess mucus production 
• Wheezing 
• Chest tightness 
• Frequent respiratory infections 
• Fatigue 

As COPD progresses, symptoms may worsen and flare-ups (called exacerbations) can occur. 

Who develops COPD? 

COPD most commonly affects adults over age 40, especially those with a history of smoking. However, anyone exposed to lung irritants over time can develop the condition. 

Risk factors include: 

• Smoking or past smoking 
• Secondhand smoke exposure 
• Long-term occupational exposure to dust or chemicals 
• Air pollution 
• History of asthma 
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 

How is COPD diagnosed? 

Early diagnosis is important to slow lung damage. 

Your provider may: 

• Review your medical history and symptoms 
• Listen to your lungs 
• Order a spirometry test, which measures how much air you can breathe in and out and how quickly 
• Recommend imaging such as a chest X-ray or CT scan 
• Order blood tests if needed 

Spirometry is the primary test used to confirm COPD. 

How is COPD treated? 

There is no cure for COPD, but treatment can help manage symptoms and slow progression. 

Treatment options may include: 

Smoking cessation 

Stopping smoking is the most important step in slowing disease progression. 

Medications 

• Bronchodilators (inhalers) to open airways 
• Inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation 
• Combination inhalers 

Pulmonary rehabilitation 

A structured program that includes exercise training, breathing techniques and education. 

Oxygen therapy 

Supplemental oxygen may be recommended for people with low oxygen levels. 

Vaccinations 

Flu, pneumonia, RSV and COVID-19 vaccines help reduce the risk of serious infections that can worsen COPD. 

What are COPD exacerbations? 

A COPD exacerbation is a sudden worsening of symptoms, often triggered by infection or air pollution. 

Signs may include: 

• Increased shortness of breath 
• More frequent coughing 
• Changes in mucus color or amount 
• Increased fatigue 

Exacerbations may require additional medication or hospitalization. 

Living with COPD 

Although COPD is progressive, many people live active lives with proper care. 

Managing COPD includes: 

• Taking medications as prescribed 
• Avoiding smoke and irritants 
• Staying physically active 
• Maintaining a healthy weight 
• Monitoring symptoms and seeking care early for flare-ups 

When to see a doctor 

Speak with a health care provider if you have: 

• Persistent shortness of breath 
• Chronic cough 
• Frequent lung infections 
• History of smoking and breathing problems 

Early treatment can help protect lung function and improve quality of life. 

Take the next step

If you are experiencing symptoms of COPD or have risk factors, don’t wait. Early evaluation can make a meaningful difference. 

Contact Banner Health to learn more about COPD testing, treatment options and pulmonary rehabilitation programs.