Depression Types, Signs, and Treatment

Feeling sad from time to time is normal. But when those feelings last for weeks or start to affect your daily life, it could be depression. 

Depression is a common mental health condition that affects how you think, feel and function. It can impact your energy, sleep, relationships and ability to enjoy life. 

The good news: Depression is treatable, and with the right support, many people feel better. 

What is depression? 

Depression is a mood disorder that causes ongoing feelings of sadness, hopelessness or loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed. 

Providers typically diagnose major depressive disorder when symptoms: 

• Last two weeks or longer 
• Affect daily functioning at home, work or school 

Depression can range from mild to severe and may come and go over time. 

What are the symptoms of depression? 

Depression affects both emotional and physical health. 

Common symptoms of depression include: 

• Persistent sadness, emptiness or hopelessness 
• Loss of interest in hobbies or activities 
• Fatigue or low energy 
• Changes in appetite or weight 
• Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much 
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions 
• Irritability or restlessness 
• Feelings of guilt or worthlessness 
• Physical symptoms like headaches or digestive issues 
• Thoughts of death or suicide 

If these symptoms last more than two weeks, it’s important to talk to a health care provider. 

How do you know if you’re depressed? 

You may be experiencing depression if: 

• Your mood feels low most of the day, nearly every day 
• You’ve lost interest in things you used to enjoy 
• You feel overwhelmed, tired or unmotivated 
• Daily tasks feel harder than usual 

Depression can look different for everyone, and symptoms can vary in severity. 

Types of depression 

Depression can take several forms: 

• Major depressive disorder (MDD): Ongoing symptoms that interfere with daily life 
• Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Long-term, lower-level depression lasting two years or more 
• Postpartum depression: Occurs after childbirth and affects mood, energy and bonding 
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): Linked to seasonal changes, often in winter 
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Severe mood symptoms before menstruation 
• Depression in bipolar disorder: Occurs alongside manic or hypomanic episodes 

What causes depression? 

Depression is complex and often involves a combination of factors: 

• Brain chemistry and neurotransmitters 
• Genetics or family history 
• Stressful life events or trauma 
• Chronic illness or pain 
• Hormonal changes 
• Substance use 

How depression affects the body and mind 

Depression doesn’t just affect mood - it can impact your whole body. 

• Memory and focus: Difficulty concentrating or making decisions 
• Sleep and energy: Feeling exhausted or sleeping too much 
• Physical health: Headaches, stomach issues or chronic pain 
• Sexual health: Changes in libido or sexual function 

How is depression diagnosed? 

Depression is diagnosed through a clinical evaluation. 

Your provider may: 

• Ask about your symptoms, mood and daily life 
• Review medical and family history 
• Use screening tools or questionnaires 
• Perform lab tests to rule out other conditions 

Screening is often part of routine care, including primary care and postpartum visits. 

How is depression treated? 

Depression is highly treatable. Many people benefit from a combination of approaches. 

Therapy 

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 
• Interpersonal therapy (IPT) 
• Mindfulness-based therapies 

Medication 

• Antidepressants such as SSRIs or SNRIs 
• May take several weeks to show full effect 

Advanced treatments 

• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for severe cases 

Lifestyle strategies that can help 

Healthy habits can support recovery: 

• Regular physical activity 
• Consistent sleep schedule 
• Balanced nutrition 
• Spending time with supportive people 
• Limiting alcohol or substance use 
• Setting small, manageable goals 

When to seek help 

Talk to a provider if symptoms: 

• Last more than two weeks 
• Interfere with work, school or relationships 
• Continue to worsen 

If you are in crisis or having thoughts of suicide, call or text 988 to reach the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. 

Care you can trust 

At Banner Health, our behavioral health specialists provide compassionate, personalized care for depression. 

Our team includes psychiatrists, psychologists, counselors and social workers who work together to create a treatment plan that fits your needs. 

Schedule an appointment to take the first step toward feeling better. 

Frequently asked questions about depression 

Can depression go away on its own? 

Sometimes symptoms improve, but treatment can help you recover faster and more fully. 

Is depression a chemical imbalance? 

Brain chemistry plays a role, but depression is caused by a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors. 

How long does depression last? 

It varies. Some episodes last weeks, while others may last longer without treatment. 

Can children and teens have depression? 

Yes. Depression can affect people of all ages. 

Bottom line 

Depression is a common but serious condition that affects both your mental and physical health. Recognizing the symptoms and getting support early can help you manage symptoms and improve your quality of life.