Hernias

A hernia can cause a noticeable lump or bulge and may lead to pain or discomfort - especially when lifting, coughing or straining. 

If you’ve been having stomach or groin pain and aren’t sure why, a hernia could be the cause. 

Understanding the symptoms and types of hernias can help you know when to get care. 

What is a hernia? 

A hernia happens when tissue or part of an organ pushes through a weak spot in your muscles. 

Think of your abdominal muscles as a strong wall. If a weak area develops, tissue—such as fat or part of the intestine—can push through and create a bulge. 

Depending on the type, you may be able to see or feel this lump. 

What are the symptoms of a hernia? 

Hernia symptoms vary by type and location, but common signs include: 

• A visible lump or bulge under the skin 
• Pain, pressure or aching in the area 
• Discomfort that worsens with activity, lifting or straining 
• A feeling of heaviness or weakness 

Other symptoms may include: 

• Heartburn or acid reflux (hiatal hernia) 
• Difficulty swallowing 
• Constipation or trouble with bowel movements 

Some hernias cause little to no pain, especially early on. 

What does a hernia feel like? 

Many people describe a hernia as: 

• A soft lump that may come and go 
• A pulling or burning sensation 
• Pain that worsens at the end of the day or after activity 

The bulge may disappear when lying down and reappear when standing or straining. 

What are the different types of hernias? 

Hernias usually occur in specific areas of the body: 

Inguinal hernia (groin) 

• Most common type 
• Occurs in the lower abdomen or groin 

Femoral hernia 

• Occurs in the upper thigh near the groin 
• Less common, more frequent in women 

Umbilical hernia 

• Around the belly button 
• Common in babies but can occur in adults 

Hiatal hernia 

• Part of the stomach pushes into the chest 
• Often causes heartburn or reflux 

Incisional (ventral) hernia 

• Occurs at the site of a previous surgery 

What causes a hernia? 

Hernias develop when pressure pushes tissue through a weak area in muscle. 

Common causes include: 

• Muscle weakness present at birth 
• Aging and natural wear on muscles 
• Previous surgery 
• Increased pressure in the abdomen 

Who is at risk for a hernia? 

You may be more likely to develop a hernia if you: 

Lift heavy objects regularly 

• Have chronic coughing or constipation 
• Are overweight or obese 
• Are pregnant 
• Have a family history of hernias 
• Have had abdominal surgery 

When is a hernia an emergency? 

A hernia can become serious if it becomes strangulated (cuts off blood supply) or causes a bowel obstruction. 

Seek emergency care right away if you have: 

• Severe or worsening pain 
• A bulge that becomes red, swollen or very tender 
• Nausea or vomiting 
• Fever 
• A bulge that cannot be pushed back in 

How is a hernia diagnosed? 

A health care provider can often diagnose a hernia with a physical exam. 

Imaging tests may include: 

• Ultrasound 
• CT scan 
• X-ray or endoscopy (for certain types) 

How is a hernia treated? 

Treatment depends on the size, type and symptoms. 

Watchful waiting 

For small, symptom-free hernias 

Lifestyle changes 

• Avoid heavy lifting 
• Manage weight 
• Treat constipation or chronic cough 

Surgery (most common treatment) 

• Repairs the weak area in the muscle 
• Prevents the hernia from worsening 

Hernia surgery: What to expect 

Two main approaches are used: 

• Open surgery: A single incision to repair the hernia 
• Minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic or robotic): Smaller incisions, faster recovery 

Surgical mesh is often used to strengthen the area and reduce recurrence. 

Recovery after hernia repair 

Most people recover well and return to normal activities within a few weeks. 

To reduce the risk of recurrence: 

• Avoid heavy lifting during recovery 
• Maintain a healthy weight 
• Follow your provider’s guidance 

Care you can trust 

At Banner Health, our specialists provide expert diagnosis and advanced treatment for all types of hernias, including minimally invasive surgical options. 

If you notice a bulge or have ongoing pain, don’t wait. Schedule an appointment to get evaluated and find relief. 

Frequently asked questions about hernias 

Can a hernia go away on its own? 

No. Hernias do not heal without treatment. 

Are all hernias painful?

Not always. Some hernias cause little or no discomfort.

Do all hernias need surgery?

Not immediately, but many eventually require repair if symptoms develop.

What happens if a hernia is left untreated?

It may grow larger or lead to complications like obstruction or strangulation.

Bottom line

A hernia occurs when tissue pushes through a weak spot in your muscles, often causing a bulge and discomfort. While some hernias are mild, others can become serious. Recognizing symptoms early and getting the right care can help prevent complications and improve your quality of life.